Post-modernity (1945 - 2016 C.E.)

Hens roaming freely outdoors, raised for cage-free eggs

Latin America’s largest McDonald’s operator commits to cage-free eggs

Cage-free eggs came to Latin America’s largest McDonald’s operator in October 2016, when Arcos Dorados pledged to eliminate battery cages across roughly 2,200 restaurants in 20 countries. The commitment followed years of quiet groundwork by Humane Society International. For a region where cage-free sourcing had barely registered, it marked a meaningful shift in what food companies were willing to promise.

Cairo buildings in Egypt where FGM ban laws have been enacted

Egypt prosecutes doctors as FGM ban begins to take hold

Egypt’s fight against female genital mutilation reached a turning point in 2016, when the death of 17-year-old Mayar Mohamed Mousa during a procedure in Suez triggered a public criminal investigation. A UN survey captured the deeper shift: 92 percent of Egyptian mothers had undergone FGM, but only 35 percent intended it for their daughters.

Smoky industrial emissions at sunset symbolizing need for CO2 to ethanol conversion technology

Oak Ridge scientists accidentally crack CO2 to ethanol conversion

CO2-to-ethanol conversion arrived by accident in 2016, when researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee applied voltage to a copper-and-carbon nano-spike catalyst and watched ethanol emerge as the dominant product. About 63% of the output was ethanol — unusually clean for a single-step reaction. A quiet reminder that science often stumbles into its better answers.

Sheriff Arpaio, central figure in racial profiling accountability debates and lawsuits

Arizona sheriff charged with criminal contempt in racial profiling case

Maricopa County, Arizona, 2016: federal prosecutors announced criminal contempt charges against Sheriff Joe Arpaio for defying a judge’s order to halt immigration patrols that had been ruled racially discriminatory against Latino drivers. By then, taxpayers had already spent $48 million on the case. For a community that had documented the harm for years, it was a rare moment of formal accountability.