Akkadian Empire scribes record perhaps the earliest known composting practice

Story: 2300 B.C.E.  |  Last updated: January 10, 0001

On clay tablets pressed into shape somewhere in the fertile river valleys of ancient Mesopotamia, scribes of the Akkadian Empire left behind something unexpected: what many historians consider among the earliest written evidence that humans were deliberately returning organic waste to the soil to grow more food. The tablets described spreading manure and decomposed matter on fields — a practice that would quietly sustain civilizations for millennia before anyone gave it a name.

What the evidence shows

• Akkadian composting tablets: Clay tablets from approximately 2300 B.C.E. reference the deliberate application of decomposed organic matter — including manure and food waste — to agricultural fields in Mesopotamia.
• Cuneiform agricultural records: These writings are among the earliest known documents to describe what we now recognize as composting, predating Roman and Greek agronomic texts by nearly two millennia.
• Organic waste in farming: The tablets suggest composting was not accidental or incidental — it was recorded as a managed practice, implying knowledge was being transmitted intentionally across generations.

A civilization built on fertile ground

The Akkadian Empire emerged around 2334 B.C.E. under Sargon of Akkad, uniting much of Mesopotamia — the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, in what is now Iraq and parts of Syria. It was one of the world’s first true empires, and it ran on agriculture.

Feeding a centralized imperial population required not just land, but sustained land. The soils of the Mesopotamian floodplain were enormously productive after annual flooding, but agriculture at scale quickly depletes what nature replenishes slowly. Whoever first recognized that returning waste to the earth could restore its fertility made a discovery that would matter more than almost any military conquest the empire achieved.

The cuneiform script the Akkadians used — adapted from earlier Sumerian writing — was precise enough to record grain allocations, legal codes, and astronomical observations. That it was also used to record soil management practices tells us something important: these people understood that the knowledge was worth preserving.

Not the only early farmers to figure this out

It would be a mistake to read these tablets as proof that composting was invented in Mesopotamia. Across the ancient world, farmers were working out similar principles independently. Agricultural communities in the Indus Valley, in ancient China, and across sub-Saharan Africa were observing the same relationships between decomposed matter and plant growth. Indigenous farming peoples across multiple continents developed sophisticated soil-amendment techniques without writing systems to record them — which means the written Akkadian tablets reflect the limits of our evidence more than the limits of human ingenuity.

What the Akkadian record gives us is a window into an ancient mind that was thinking systematically about soil health. The act of writing it down suggests it was being taught, shared, debated, or regulated in some way. That alone is remarkable.

Lasting impact

The chain of influence is long and not always traceable, but the logic the Akkadian scribes committed to clay eventually traveled through Persian, Greek, and Roman agricultural thought. Roman writers like Varro and Columella wrote in detail about composting in the first centuries B.C.E. and C.E. Medieval European farmers composted. The practice crossed into the Americas, Asia, and beyond — not always through transmission, but through the same universal discovery: living soil feeds living people.

In the 20th century, Sir Albert Howard’s foundational work at the Rodale Institute and his study of Indian farming traditions helped relaunch composting as a scientific discipline in Western agriculture. Today, composting is recognized as one of the most effective tools for reducing food waste, improving soil carbon sequestration, and building agricultural resilience in the face of climate change. Cities, farms, and municipalities around the world now run industrial-scale composting programs.

All of it traces a line — sometimes straight, sometimes indirect — back to the insight that waste is not waste if you return it to the earth.

Blindspots and limits

The designation “first-ever written record” is genuinely uncertain. Earlier Sumerian texts, which predate the Akkadian Empire by several centuries, also reference organic matter in agricultural contexts, and some historians argue those constitute prior written evidence of composting-adjacent practices. The Akkadian tablets are among the oldest clear references — but “the oldest” is a claim archaeology regularly revises. It is also worth noting that the vast majority of ancient agricultural knowledge was never written down at all, meaning the written record captures only a fragment of what ancient farmers knew and practiced.

Read more

For more on this story, see: Compost Magazine — The History of Composting

For more from Good News for Humankind, see:

• Ghana creates a major new marine protected area at Cape Three Points
• Indigenous land rights milestone: 160 million hectares secured ahead of COP30
• The Good News for Humankind archive on ancient history

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