Central Asia & Caucasus

Kazakhstan’s 2026 spring aerial census, flown by two biplanes over 215 hours, counted saiga across three herds — the largest, the Ural population, alone reaching 2.7 million, up 17.4% in a single year. Two decades ago the entire national population had crashed below 25,000. The rebound is now so complete that farmers report herds trampling crops and crowding pastureland, and the conservation effort behind it won the 2024 Earthshot Prize. It stands as proof that a species written off as nearly gone can return in the millions.

Snow leopards in Kazakhstan have rebounded to between 152 and 189 individuals — population levels not seen since the 1980s, and a 26% jump since 2019. Much of the credit goes to expanded protected areas like Ile-Alatau, Altyn-Emel, and Katon-Karagai, where a female with two cubs was recently spotted in territory once considered too marginal for the species. Rangers now use camera traps, drones, and thermal imaging across 14 natural areas, while a compensation program helps herders coexist with the cats instead of retaliating. Cross-border cooperation with Kyrgyzstan extends that protection beyond political lines. For one of the world’s most elusive big cats, it’s a quiet but powerful reminder that patient, coordinated conservation can actually turn the tide.

Przewalski’s horses—the only truly wild horse species left on Earth—are back on the Kazakh steppe after a two-century absence, with seven animals arriving from zoos in Berlin and Prague in June 2024. Their 30-hour flight aboard a Czech air force transport ended in the very landscape where humans likely first domesticated horses some 5,500 years ago. The herd is set to grow to 40 over the next five years, and the horses will quietly get to work as ecosystem engineers, spreading seeds and loosening soil as they roam. A similar effort in Mongolia has grown a wild population to roughly 1,500—a hopeful sign that this homecoming could ripple outward, restoring both a species and the grasslands that need it.