Ray Tomlinson sends the first email, changing human communication forever

Story: 1971 C.E.  |  Last updated: January 1, 1971

The message was barely a message at all — something like “QWERTYUIOP,” a random string of characters that meant nothing to anyone. But the act of sending it changed everything about how human beings would connect with one another.

Key details

• First email: Computer engineer Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email in 1971 C.E., transmitting a test message from one machine to another via ARPANET at his Cambridge, Massachusetts, office.
• ARPANET technology: Tomlinson combined two existing programs — SNDMSG and READMAIL — with a file-transfer program called CYPNET, enabling messages to travel between different computers on the same network for the first time.
• @ symbol: Tomlinson personally chose the “@” sign as the separator in email addresses, a decision so practical and elegant that it has survived completely unchanged into the present day.

What Tomlinson actually built

Ray Tomlinson was working for Bolt Beranek and Newman, the company the U.S. Defense Department had contracted to build ARPANET — the early computer network that would eventually become the backbone of the internet. His day job was serious, Cold War-era infrastructure work. The email, by his own account, was a side project he tinkered with largely because the capability seemed within reach.

The two computers involved were sitting right next to each other in the same room. The message didn’t need to travel far in a physical sense. But it did travel through ARPANET, meaning the technical pathway it followed was the same one that would later connect universities, governments, and eventually billions of people across the planet.

Tomlinson’s key insight was combining tools that already existed. SNDMSG and READMAIL allowed people to leave messages for each other on a shared machine — essentially a digital sticky note. CYPNET allowed files to move between different machines. Tomlinson saw that you could use the same logic to move a message. The result was a communication system that didn’t require both people to be using the same computer, or even to be in the same building.

It was a quiet, almost accidental revolution. Tomlinson later said he didn’t think of it as a major milestone at the time — he described it as “not that complicated” and moved on to other work. He also told a colleague about what he’d done and reportedly added: “Don’t tell anyone. This isn’t what we’re supposed to be working on.”

The @ sign and why it stuck

One of Tomlinson’s most enduring contributions was a single typographical choice. To write an email address, you needed a way to separate the user’s name from the name of the machine they were using. Tomlinson looked at the keyboard and picked “@” — the “at” symbol — because it was the one character that wasn’t likely to appear in anyone’s name and that clearly conveyed location: user at machine.

It was a practical decision made in seconds. More than 50 years later, “@” is one of the most recognized symbols on Earth, carrying roughly 300 billion emails per day. The Museum of Modern Art in New York has even acquired the @ symbol as part of its design collection, citing its elegance and universality.

Lasting impact

Email reshaped every domain of human activity it touched. Science accelerated because researchers could share findings overnight across continents. Journalism changed because sources could communicate securely and quickly. Business transformed because decisions no longer waited for postal schedules. Families separated by oceans found a way to stay close without international calling costs.

Less visibly, email helped flatten some institutional hierarchies. A junior researcher could write directly to a senior colleague at another university. A small business could communicate with clients the same way a large corporation could. The friction that had always protected gatekeepers — distance, cost, the sheer difficulty of reaching someone — began to erode.

ARPANET itself was a U.S. military project, and the people who built it were largely working within American research universities and defense contractors. But the tool Tomlinson created quickly spread beyond those walls. The broader internet culture that grew from ARPANET drew on contributions from engineers, researchers, and institutions around the world, many of whom built on Tomlinson’s foundational work to develop the open protocols that govern email to this day.

Blindspots and limits

Email was born inside a U.S. military research network, and for its first decade, access was essentially limited to universities, government agencies, and defense contractors — communities that were overwhelmingly white, male, and American. The technology’s democratic potential took decades to become a reality, and in many parts of the world it still hasn’t fully arrived.

The system Tomlinson built also had no security layer. Email was designed for trust and openness, not for spam, phishing, or mass surveillance — problems that now cost individuals and institutions hundreds of billions of dollars annually. The architecture of that first message carried the seeds of vulnerabilities we are still working to resolve.

Tomlinson died on March 5, 2016 C.E. He never profited substantially from inventing email, and he spent most of his career as a relatively quiet engineer. He is remembered by those who knew him as someone more interested in solving problems than in claiming credit for having solved them.

Read more

For more on this story, see: Centre for Computing History: First email sent by Ray Tomlinson

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