Somewhere deep in a cave in what is now southern Germany, around 40,000 years ago, a person sat with a mammoth tusk and a flint knife and spent an estimated 400 hours carving something that had never existed before — a being with a human body and the head of a cave lion. We don’t know their name, their language, or what they believed. But the lion-man figurine they left behind is the oldest confirmed statue ever discovered, and it may be one of the most extraordinary objects in all of human history.
Key findings
- Lion-man figurine: The carving stands 31.1 centimeters (about 12 inches) tall, sculpted from woolly mammoth ivory using flint stone tools — predating the famous Lascaux cave paintings of France by roughly 17,000 years.
- Carbon dating: Analysis of the sediment layer where the fragments were found places the object between 35,000 and 41,000 years old, firmly within the Aurignacian period of the Upper Paleolithic — among the earliest cultures in Europe known to produce symbolic art.
- Hohlenstein-Stadel cave: Hundreds of ivory fragments were unearthed there in 1939 C.E., but Germany mobilized for World War II days later; the pieces sat forgotten in a museum for roughly three decades before reconstruction could begin.
A discovery interrupted by war
On August 25, 1939 C.E., geologist Otto Völzing was excavating Hohlenstein-Stadel cave in the Swabian Jura, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, when he pulled hundreds of ivory fragments from the earth. Days later, Germany mobilized for war. The excavation stopped. The fragments went into a box at the Museum of Ulm and stayed there for approximately 30 years.
In 1969 C.E., archaeologist Joachim Hahn began fitting more than 200 pieces together. What emerged was a figure unlike anything in the known archaeological record. Later reconstructions in the 1980s C.E. — led in part by paleontologist Elisabeth Schmid — added fragments of the nose and mouth, sharpening the figurine’s feline features. A second major restoration completed in 2013 C.E. brought new fragments into the assembly and raised the figurine’s final height to 311 millimeters. Today it stands in Museum Ulm, in the city of Ulm, where it has become one of the most studied prehistoric objects on Earth.
What the lion-man figurine tells us
The figurine depicts a creature that does not exist in nature — a human form topped with the head of a cave lion (Panthera spelaea), a now-extinct species that roamed Ice Age Europe and Asia. Seven parallel carved grooves mark the left arm. The craftsmanship required planning, sustained focus, and almost certainly specialized skill — evidence that whoever made it was not simply surviving but thinking in symbols.
The figurine was found roughly 30 meters inside the cave, surrounded by bone tools, worked antlers, and jewelry including pendants and perforated animal teeth. Researchers believe this chamber may have served a ritual or ceremonial function — a place set apart for purposes beyond the everyday.
A second, smaller lion-headed figurine was later found at the nearby Hohle Fels cave, leading archaeologist Nicholas Conard to suggest that the people of these two valleys “must have been members of the same cultural group” who shared beliefs connected to hybrid human-animal imagery. Some researchers interpret this as evidence of early shamanic practice — the idea that certain individuals could move between human and animal worlds. The lion-man figurine, on this reading, is not just art. It is evidence of a fully formed inner life.
Lasting impact
The lion-man figurine sits at the beginning of a long human tradition. Aurignacian carvers across what is now Europe and western Asia produced flutes, beads, and figurines during roughly the same period, suggesting that symbolic thinking — the ability to represent ideas and beings that don’t exist in the physical world — was spreading across human populations at this time. The lion-man is not an isolated curiosity. It is a data point in a broader pattern of cognitive and cultural flowering.
Hybrid human-animal figures appear later in the cave paintings of France, in the animal-headed gods of ancient Egypt, in the mythologies of cultures across every continent. The leap of imagination required to combine a human body with an animal head — to conceive of something that transcends the boundary between species — echoes through thousands of years of human religion, storytelling, and art.
The Aurignacian people who produced the lion-man figurine were fully modern humans, anatomically indistinguishable from people alive today. The figurine is a reminder that the cognitive capacity for abstraction, metaphor, and symbolic representation was not something that evolved gradually through recorded history. It was already fully present, fully active, 40,000 years ago — in a cave in what is now the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
Blindspots and limits
The figurine’s sex, purpose, and exact meaning remain genuinely unresolved. Researchers have debated for decades whether the figure depicts a male or female being, and whether it was an object of worship, a shamanic tool, a teaching aid, or something else entirely — a question the evidence may never settle. The Aurignacian people left no written language, and the cultural context that would have made the lion-man’s meaning legible to its makers is irretrievably lost. What survives is the object itself, and the certainty that the person who made it understood something about the world that they felt compelled to carve into stone.
Read more
For more on this story, see: Lion-man — Wikipedia
For more from Good News for Humankind, see:
- Indigenous land rights win protects 160 million hectares at COP30
- Rhinos return to Uganda’s Kidepo Valley after decades away
- The Good News for Humankind archive on prehistory
About this article
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