Bulgaria

Map of First Bulgarian Empire in 850 C.E., for article on first bulgarian empire

Bulgaria wins Byzantine recognition and a state is born in the Balkans

In 681 C.E., the First Bulgarian Empire was born on the banks of the Danube, after Bulgar leader Asparuh defeated Byzantine forces and won formal recognition from Constantinople. The new state fused steppe warriors with South Slavic farming communities, and within two centuries its scholars in Preslav shaped the Early Cyrillic alphabet — a script now read by more than 250 million people.

Skeleton with gold items at Varna Necropolis, for article on Varna Necropolis gold

Varna Necropolis gold becomes perhaps humanity’s oldest major treasure

Around 4500 B.C.E., a community on the Bulgarian coast buried their dead with more gold than had ever been found from that era anywhere in the world. Rediscovered by accident in 1972, the Varna Necropolis has yielded roughly 3,000 gold artifacts across 294 graves — offering some of the earliest direct evidence of organized social hierarchy in human prehistory.